Ngaben Cremation in Bali
In this journal entry, I document Mr A.A. Mangkling’s Ngaben Cremation in Bali. I am grateful to the family for inviting me to cover the celebration of Mr Mangkling’s life.
The Hindu-Balinese believe the body is impure, a temporary shell, having no significance at all, except as a container of the soul and its anchor to the earth.
All thoughts at the time of death are concentrated upon the spirit and its passage to heaven. The body is just there to be disposed of. And instead of grieving the Balinese prefer to throw a great celebration. In the process, hastening their dead friends soul to oneness with God.
Making the Male Sandalwood Effigy
The head of the family, and assistant to the priestess, make the sandalwood effigy, which is then wrapped in a cloth and decorated.
The male effigy is assembled on a bamboo frame about 40 cm high. The conical base is covered with leaves from a sacred banyan tree. Which was collected in a special ceremony, therefore, symbolising the fire that will release the atman from the sekah.
Leaves must be arranged concave side down for a male effigy. The opposite for a female. Next, decorated with special dried flowers and a fan-shaped background, similar to the adegan of a cremation.
Finally it’s wrapped in white, decorated with gold leaves, and placed in a special shrine on a silver tray.
The village community members banjar work together to make the bamboo stretcher for the first ritual, nyiramin layon the bathing of the corpse. The body is bought from the family’s ritual building to be placed on the stretcher for bathing.
Bathing and Cleansing of the Body
In Bali, holy water is not a symbol or something abstract. It is a sekala container of niskala power, and as such, is sacred and holy in and of itself. Holy water bought from the High Priestess’s home will cleanse spiritual impurities, fend off evil forces, and render the recipient immune to attacks of negative, or demonic, influences.
The Body is Decorated
Leaves are placed on the eyebrows to ensure a good shape of the brow. Upon his return, he will be good looking.
A white colour flower is placed inside his nose to make him fragrant.
Gold signifies happiness, joy and positive thinking.
The string benang from his head to toe is nice and straight symbolising a good person.
Preparing the Offerings
Women work for several weeks. Preparing the offerings that will provide symbolic pleasure to the deified ancestors and to the spirit that will be shortly released to God.
They satisfy the hunger of the evil spirits, the bhutas and kalas, who stand greedily by, ready to interfere in man’s every activity. Most importantly, however, the offerings will implore God to purify the spirit and return it to earth in an appropriately higher and purer form.
Procession to the Cremation Grounds
The body is placed on the cremation tower wadah or hade ready for transportation to the cremation grounds by the banjar men. The procession is led by a young man carrying the ceremonial knife kris which has magic powers.
The long white cloth, the lancingan, stretched above the heads of a train of people is a symbol of attachment. Also, the connection/relationship to the family.
The stuffed bird amnuk dewata symbolises the purified soul that the still unclean spirit will soon become.
At the cremation grounds, the banjar men spin the tower around, to confuse the spirit and make it lose its way. Ensuring, that it cannot return and haunt the family.
In the Hindu-Balinese cosmology, the body of man is but a microcosm of the universe. It is made up of the same five elements: air, earth, fire, water, and space. These constitute, temporarily, a place for atman, the immortal soul. On the white cloth is a drawing of the microcosm.
Fire Ritual
Fires are ignited by a blessed torch and the element ‘fire’ ritual is now underway. The medium by which the body is offered up as a last sacrifice. Thereafter, the tower and all of the other accessory objects are separately burned.
When the fires have died down, family members collect scraps of ash and bone from the body. Bone fragments are placed inside the yellow coconut and then it is wrapped and decorated.
High Priest Ritual Performance
The high priest pedanda performs a series of mudras. Hand gestures using his bell and other paraphernalia such as a brazier. Chanting helps to release the soul and to aid it on its journey.
Five Elements
Now the five elements of the body have been returned to the macrocosm whence they came. The spirit has been released to the sea where its impurities will fall as sediment. From which its purer essence will be summoned for the next and final major series of ceremonies. The nyekah, wherein the soul is returned to suarga-neraka. Just as the body’s elements have been returned to the bhuana agung.
Ngaben Cremation in Bali Process:
- Priest selects an auspicious day for the Ngaben, and announces the event in the village
- Village community members banjar make the bamboo stretcher for the first ritual
- The first ritual, nyiramin layon the bathing of the corpse with holy water
- The body is decorated and placed on the cremation tower
- The corpse is transported to the cremation grounds by the banjar men
- At the cremation grounds, the men spin the tower to confuse the spirits
- The cremation pyre is lit with a blessed torch and the ‘fire” ritual is underway
- Families collect the remaining ash and bone fragments
- Bone fragments are placed the inside of a coconut shell
- High Priest pedanda performs a series of mudras and chants to help release the soul
- Spirit is now released to the nearby ocean and returned to the elements
Heartfelt Thanks:
Wayan Budiasa for the introduction to Mr. A.A. Mangkling’s family members. And for his input into the production of this photo essay – Ngaben cremation in Bali.
Yusa Arsana Putra, head of the family for allowing images to be made at the celebration of A.A. Mangkling’s life.
Fred B Eiseman JR’s book Bali Sekala & Niskala Essays on Religion, Ritual & Art.
In particular, the chapter titled Cremation In Bali – Fiery Passage to the Afterlife was a helpful reliable source of information and helped fill in the details of this photo essay.
Family Portraits taken at the cremation celebration of Mr Mangklings life.
